Concept Library / Kinematics

Position Time Graph

A position-time graph plots signed position on the vertical axis against time on the horizontal axis.

Full explanation

A position-time graph plots signed position on the vertical axis against time on the horizontal axis.

The ordinate gives the object's position at an instant. The gradient gives velocity: a positive gradient means motion in the positive direction, a negative gradient means motion in the negative direction, and a horizontal tangent means zero instantaneous velocity.

Changing gradient means changing velocity. A curve that becomes progressively steeper has increasing speed; the sign of the curvature indicates the sign of acceleration only after the chosen axis and the velocity trend are interpreted carefully.

Formula / representation

The gradient of a chord gives average velocity over a finite interval,

v¯=ΔsΔt.

The gradient of a tangent estimates instantaneous velocity at one time. A straight line has constant velocity; a curved line has changing velocity. The area under a position-time graph has no standard kinematics meaning.

Common misconceptions
  • Reading the height of the graph as speed rather than position.
  • Assuming a point at s=0 means the object is stationary.
  • Assuming a turning point in position is a point where acceleration is zero; it is a point where velocity is zero momentarily.
  • Treating a downward-sloping line as slowing down; it represents negative velocity, which may have constant magnitude.
  • Calculating an area under a position-time graph and assigning it a standard motion quantity.
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